Electrochemical Study of the Interaction Between Urea and Hydroquinone, and Detection of Urea Using CoFe2O4 Nanoparticles Modified with Gelatin-Hydroquinone Deposited on the Glassy Carbon Electrode

Djerafa, Moussa; Ferkhi, Mosbah; Savan, Ebru Kuyumcu; Khelili, Smail

doi:10.22034/abec.2025.721575

Electrochemical Study of the Interaction Between Urea and Hydroquinone, and Detection of Urea Using CoFe2O4 Nanoparticles Modified with Gelatin-Hydroquinone Deposited on the Glassy Carbon Electrode

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Moussa Djerafa ¹^{, 2}

Mosbah Ferkhi ¹^{, 2}

Ebru Kuyumcu Savan ³

Smail Khelili ²^{, 4}

¹ Laboratory of Materials Interaction and Environment (LIME), Faculty of Exact Sciences and Computer Science, University of Jijel, 18000 Jijel, Algeria

² Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences and Computer Science, University of Jijel, 18000 Jijel, Algeria

³ Division of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, İnönü University, Malatya, Turkey

⁴ Labotatory of pharmacology and phytochemistry, team of pharmaceutical chemistry and quality control of drugs, Faculty of Exact Sciences and Computer Science, University of Jijel, 18000 Jijel, Algeria

10.22034/abec.2025.721575

Abstract

An advanced electrochemical biosensor has been developed to measure the amount of urea in biological fluids accurately using CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles modified with Gelatin-hydroquinone deposited on the glassy carbon electrode. This sensor uses cobalt ferrite as a core material that has been analysed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The sensor has a Gelatin-hydroquinone layer that allows it to detect urea at trace levels. in this study, it has been confirmed that the electrochemical method using this modified electrode is significantly more sensitive than the UV-visible method. The limit of detection (LOD) obtained utilizing the modified Berthelot reaction was 6.66 mM, while the LOD obtained using CV at the CFO/Gelatin-hydroquinone modified GCE was 0.52 mM. This confirms that the electrochemical method using this modified electrode is significantly more sensitive than the UV-visible method. The CFO/Gelatin-hydroquinone composite material effectively acted as an efficient electrocatalyst for the oxidation of urea and other molecules.

Keywords

Urea

Hydroquinone

CoFe2O4 nanoparticles

XRD analysis

Electrochemical properties

Subjects