Electrochemical Sensor based on Modified Graphene Paste Electrode Decorated Anatase TiO2 for Determination of Profenofos Insecticides

Achmad, Bromo Kusumo; Nurdin, Muhammad; Khaeruni, Andi; Tosepu, Ramadhan; Sutariati, Gusti Ayu Kade; Asminaya, Nur Santy; Maulidiyah, Maulidiyah; Yusran, Sartiah; Nohong, Nohong

doi:10.22034/abec.2025.722375

Electrochemical Sensor based on Modified Graphene Paste Electrode Decorated Anatase TiO2 for Determination of Profenofos Insecticides

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Bromo Kusumo Achmad ¹

Muhammad Nurdin ²

Andi Khaeruni ³

Ramadhan Tosepu ⁴

Gusti Ayu Kade Sutariati ⁵

Nur Santy Asminaya ⁶

Maulidiyah Maulidiyah ²

Sartiah Yusran ⁷

Nohong Nohong ²

¹ Doctoral student of Agricultural Sciences, Universitas Halu Oleo Kendari, Indonesia - 93232

² Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Halu Oleo, Kendari 93232-Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

³ Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Halu Oleo, Kendari 93232–Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

⁴ Deparment of Health Administration, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Halu Oleo, Kendari 93232–Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

⁵ Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Halu Oleo, Kendari 93232–Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

⁶ Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Halu Oleo, Kendari 93232–Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

⁷ Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Halu Oleo, Kendari 93232–Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

10.22034/abec.2025.722375

Abstract

Profenofos (PFF) is a highly toxic organophosphate insecticide, necessitating the development of rapid and sensitive detection methods. In this study, we developed an electrochemical sensor based on anatase TiO₂-modified graphene (G/TiO₂ anatase) for the efficient detection of PFF. Characterization using SEM, XRD, and FTIR confirmed the successful formation of anatase-phase TiO₂ nanoparticles on graphene sheets. Electrochemical performance evaluation via cyclic voltammetry demonstrated that the G/TiO₂ anatase electrode exhibited superior redox behavior compared to bare graphene and TiO₂ nanoparticles. The sensor achieved a low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.046 µg/L and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.153 µg/L, within a linear detection range of 0.1–0.9 µg/L. Additionally, it showed excellent repeatability, with a relative standard deviation (%RSD) of 2.48%. These findings highlight the potential of G/TiO₂ anatase as a highly sensitive and reliable electrochemical sensor for PFF detection. The proposed sensor provides a rapid, simple, and efficient alternative for direct PFF analysis, which could be beneficial for environmental monitoring and food safety applications.

Keywords

Anatase TiO2

Graphene

Profenofos

Electrochemical sensor

Cyclic voltammetry

Subjects