This study introduces a dual-function platform that integrates photobiomodulation therapy with a highly sensitive MXene/Ni/Sm-LDH-based electrochemical biosensor for the precise evaluation of hemoglobin levels in patients with anemia. The developed biosensor, constructed on a modified glassy carbon electrode, demonstrated outstanding analytical performance with a detection limit of 0.009 nM and a quantification limit of 0.003 nM for hemoglobin using 10 µL blood samples from four individuals (two males and two females) with anemia. Cyclic voltammetry confirmed a robust linear response (R² = 0.9961) within a hemoglobin concentration range of 0.01–0.8 nM. Following green laser irradiation at 505 nm for 10 minutes, blood samples exhibited a 13.2% increase in the electrochemical peak current, correlating with improved hemoglobin availability. Rheological assessments revealed a 15% to 20% decrease in blood viscosity, indicating enhanced red blood cell flexibility and flow. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed a reduction in charge transfer resistance from 18 kΩ (unmodified electrode) to 9 kΩ (modified electrode), signifying better conductivity and electron exchange. Stability testing over 60,000 seconds confirmed the biosensor’s long-term operational reliability. The observed physiological enhancements are attributed to mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate production and nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation induced by photobiomodulation. This combined diagnostic and therapeutic strategy offers a promising, non-invasive solution for real-time monitoring and management of anemia.