Hydrothermal Green Synthesis of rGO Incorporated with TiO2-NiO-MnO2 Nanocomposite for Sensor Materials

Febryana, Diah; Maulidiyah, Maulidiyah; Arham, Zul; Muzakkar, Muhammad Zakir; Alimin, Alimin; Nurdin, Muhammad; Irwan, Irwan; Jhanizza, Fharaz; Arham, Fadil

doi:10.22034/abec.2026.733509

Hydrothermal Green Synthesis of rGO Incorporated with TiO₂-NiO-MnO₂ Nanocomposite for Sensor Materials

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Diah Febryana ¹

Maulidiyah Maulidiyah ²

Zul Arham ³^{, 4}

Muhammad Zakir Muzakkar ²

Alimin Alimin ²

Muhammad Nurdin ²

Irwan Irwan ⁵

Fharaz Jhanizza ³

Fadil Arham ⁴

¹ Magister Student, Study Program of Chemistry Science, Post Graduate School, Universitas Halu Oleo, Kendari 93232- Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

² Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Halu Oleo, Jl. H.E.A. Mokodompit Kampus Baru Anduonohu, Kendari 93232 – Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

³ Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute Agama Islam Negeri (IAIN), Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi 93563, Indonesia

⁴ Research Center of Nickel and Nano Energy, Institut Agama Islam Negeri (IAIN), Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi 93116, Indonesia

⁵ Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi dan Kesehatan Avicenna, Kendari 93117, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

10.22034/abec.2026.733509

Abstract

In this study, a novel voltammetric sensor for the detection of bisphenol A (BPA) was developed using a reduced graphene oxide (rGO) electrode incorporated with a TiO₂-NiO-MnO₂ nanocomposite (rGO/TNM). The TNM nanocomposite was synthesized via a hydrothermal method, and its integration with rGO improved the sensor’s electrochemical performance by enhancing conductivity, surface area, and active sites. Characterization of the TNM nanocomposite using X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the formation of distinct anatase TiO₂, γ-MnO₂, and NiO phases, each contributing to the synergistic enhancement of electrocatalytic properties. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicated the presence of characteristic metal-oxygen bonds, validating the successful formation of the TNM nanocomposite. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a highly uniform and porous morphology with well-dispersed nanoparticles, ideal for maximizing electron transfer. Elemental analysis through energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy further confirmed the purity and composition of the nanocomposite. Under optimal conditions, the linear range of the rGO/TNM electrode by CV measurement was from 0.1 μg.L^-1 to 1.0 μg.L^-1, with a sensitivity and limit of detection (LOD) at 0.01094 µg.L^-1. These results make the developed sensor a promising candidate for environmental monitoring of BPA and highlight the potential of nanocomposite-modified electrodes in advancing electrochemical sensor technology.

Keywords

Reduced graphene oxide

TiO₂-NiO-MnO₂

Nanocomposite

Voltammetric sensor

Bisphenol A

Subjects